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(詳細はgenetic history of the demographics of Egypt reflects Egypt's geographical location at the crossroads of several major cultural areas: Northeast Africa, Northwest Africa, the Sahara, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean. In general, various DNA studies have found that the gene frequencies of modern Egyptian populations are intermediate between those of the Middle East, the Horn of Africa, southern Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa,〔(Cavalli-Sforza, History and Geography of Human Genes ), The intermediacy of North Africa and to a lesser extent Europe is apparent〕 though NRY frequency distributions of the modern Egyptian population appear to be much more similar to those of the Middle East than to any Sub-Saharan African or European population, suggesting a much larger Middle Eastern genetic component.〔Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., P. Menozzi, and A. Piazza. 1994. The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.〕〔〔The present population of the Sahara is Sudan in the extreme north, with an increase of Negroid component as one goes south〕 ==Ancient DNA== Contamination from handling and intrusion from microbes create obstacles to the recovery of ancient DNA.〔(Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt By Kathryn A. Bard, Steven Blake Shubert pp 278-279 )〕 Consequently, most DNA studies have been carried out on modern Egyptian populations with the intent of learning about the influences of historical migrations on the population of Egypt.〔(Shomarka Keita: What genetics can tell us )〕 One successful 1993 study was performed on ancient mummies of the 12th Dynasty, by Paabo and Di Rienzo, which identified multiple lines of descent, some of which originated in Sub-Saharan Africa.〔Paabo, S., and A. Di Rienzo, A molecular approach to the study of Egyptian history. In Biological Anthropology and the Study of Ancient Egypt. V. Davies and R. Walker, eds. pp. 86-90. London: British Museum Press. 1993〕 Blood typing and DNA sampling on ancient Egyptian mummies is scant; however, blood typing of dynastic mummies found ABO frequencies to be most similar to modern Egyptians, and some also to Northern Haratin populations. ABO blood group distribution shows that the Egyptians form a sister group to North African populations, including Berbers, Nubians and Canary Islanders.〔Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., P. Menozzi, and A. Piazza. 1994. ''The History and Geography of Human Genes''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 169-174〕 A DNA study by Hawass at al. (2012) of two male mummies, Ramesses III and the other possibly his son Pentawere from the 20th dynasty of the New Kingdom, found that they carried the haplogroup E1b1a. In 2013, ''Nature'' announced the publication of the first genetic study utilizing next-generation sequencing to ascertain the ancestral lineage of an Ancient Egyptian individual. The research was led by Carsten Pusch of the University of Tübingen in Germany and Rabab Khairat, who released their findings in the ''Journal of Applied Genetics''. DNA was extracted from the heads of five Egyptian mummies that were housed at the institution. All the specimens were dated between 806 BC and 124 AD, a timeframe corresponding with the late Dynastic and Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom periods. The researchers observed that one of the mummified individuals likely belonged to the mtDNA haplogroup I2, a maternal clade that is believed to have originated in Western Asia. The sequencing in 2015 of the DNA of a 4,500-year-old skeleton from Mota Cave in the highlands of southwest Ethiopia, showed that Middle Eastern farmers migrated into Africa around three thousand years ago, bringing new crops to the continent such as wheat, barley and lentils. The scientists believe that up to 25% of the DNA of modern Africans can be traced back to this event.〔Nature; doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18531, at http://www.nature.com/news/first-ancient-african-genome-reveals-vast-eurasian-migration-1.18531; 〕〔http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151008142618.htm〕〔http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/10/07/science.aad2879〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「DNA history of Egypt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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